RITUALS AND CEREMONIES


Hindus

For the Hindu, religion plays an important part in the context of his family life as also at every stage of the individual’s life. Life for him is a round of rituals and ceremonies and most of the Hindu customs and traditions consist of ritualistic practices related to various religious observances known as sanskaras or sacrament. According to the Hindu Dharmashastra, the individual has to pass through many sanskaras which are in fact sharira sanskaras for these are intended to sanctify the body beginning from the moment the foetus is laid (garbhadhana) to the death (anlyeshti) of a person. The number of sanskaras differs according to different authorities and some say there are sixteen which are compulsory and 24 which are optional. These are usually conducted by Brahman priests who on their part say that they use Vedic texts for Brahman and Pauranic texts for others. Of late even the sixteen of these sacraments are reduced to half a dozen in most of the Hindu communities and are observed in respect of birth, thread-girding marriage, pregnancy and death. It is only among the Brahmans that these are now current according to Vedic rites and among the other Hindus according to their traditional customs.

 

Child birth and Medical Beliefs

When a woman is in her menstrual period, she stays apart and may not cook for herself nor touch anybody nor sleep on a bed made of cotton thread. The Gonds have a separate house outside the village to which women have to retire at this time. When a woman is with a child for the first time, her women friends come and give her green clothes and bangles; they then put her into a swing and sing songs. While she is pregnant, she is made to work in the house so as not to be inactive. If the birth is delayed, they put a few grains of gram into the woman’s hand and then some one takes and feeds them to a mare, as it is though that the woman’s pregnancy has been prolonged by her having walked behind the tethering ropes of a mare which is 12 months in a foal. Or she is given water to drink in which a Sulaimani bead or a rupee of Akbar’s time has been washed. A pregnant woman must not took on a dead body or her child may be still born and she must not see an eclipse or the child may be born maimed. Women of the Mang, Mahar, Gond and Dhimar castes act as midwives. Sometimes when delivery is delayed, they take a folded flower and place it in a pot of water and believe that as its petals unfold, so the womb will be opened and the child born or they sear her on a wooden bench and pour oil on her head, her forehead being afterwards rubbed with it, in the belief that as the oil falls so the child will be born . If a child is a long time before learning to speak, they give it leaves of the pipal tree to eat, because the leaves of this tree make a noise by rustling in the wind; or a root which is very light in weight, because they think that the tongue is heavy and the quality of lightness will thus be communicated to it. A child is given grain to eat for the first time six months after birth . The first teeth of a child are thrown on to the roof of house, because the rats who have especially good and sharp teeth, live there and it is hoped that the child’s second teeth may grow like theirs or they are placed under a water pot in the hope that the child’s second teeth may grow as fast as the grass does under water-pots . If a child is lean, some people take it to a place where asses have lain down and rolled in ashes; they roll the child in the ashes similarly and believe that it will get fat like the asses are. Or they may lay the child in a pig-sty with the same idea. People who want to injure a child get hold of its coat and lay it out in the sun to dry, in the belief that the child’s body will dry up in a similar manner.

On the fifth and sixth day of child-birth pujas are held and the child is given a name on the 12th day when women rejoice and presents are made to the mother and child. Sweets are distributed to friends and relatives. Among higher class Hindus a ceremony called annaprashana is held when the child is fed for the first time with khir, the maternal uncle usually officiating as the feeder. Boys have to go through the upanayana ceremony when the gayatri is taught and the sacred thread given to him. It is followed by samavartana better known as sodmunj when he is supposed to have left his guru’s home and returned.


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